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Vitamin D supplementation in the first 2 years and autism spectrum traits at 6–8 years – a randomized clinical trial.

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Title: Vitamin D supplementation in the first 2 years and autism spectrum traits at 6–8 years – a randomized clinical trial.
Authors: Sandboge, Samuel (AUTHOR), Seppälä, Vilja (AUTHOR), Lintula, Sakari (AUTHOR), Holmlund‐Suila, Elisa (AUTHOR), Hauta‐alus, Helena (AUTHOR), Kajantie, Eero (AUTHOR), Mäkitie, Outi (AUTHOR), Andersson, Sture (AUTHOR), Räikkönen, Katri (AUTHOR), Heinonen, Kati (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry. Jul2026, Vol. 67 Issue 7, p1004-1014. 11p.
Subjects: Research funding, Secondary analysis, Prediction models, Cronbach's alpha, T-test (Statistics), Data analysis, Autism, Sex distribution, Neural development, Questionnaires, Blood collection, Oral drug administration, Descriptive statistics, Chemiluminescence assay, Chi-squared test, Mann Whitney U Test, Disease prevalence, Early intervention (Education), Serum, Drug efficacy, Statistics, Asperger's syndrome, Confidence intervals, Analytical chemistry techniques, Immunoassay, Data analysis software, Dietary supplements, Vitamin D, Regression analysis, Children, Pregnancy
Geographic Terms: Finland
Abstract: Background: Early life vitamin D levels may be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related traits, but causality is unknown. We examine whether higher‐than‐standard vitamin D3 supplementation during the first 2 years, as well as higher pregnancy and childhood 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and their trajectories, are associated with lower ASD trait scores at ages 6–8 years in a non‐clinical cohort. Methods: This secondary analysis of the double‐blind randomized clinical trial vitamin D intervention in infants (VIDI) comprised 366 Finnish children aged 6–8 years, 177 of whom were randomized to receive 400‐IU and 189 to receive 1,200‐IU daily oral vitamin D3 supplementation between ages 2 weeks and 2 years. ASD‐related traits were assessed at mean age 7.2 years (SD 0.4) using the parent‐reported Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ). Predictor variables were supplementation group, 25(OH)D concentrations measured during pregnancy and at ages 1 and 2 years, as well as 25(OH)D trajectories (high vs. low) derived from these time points. Results: None of the predictor variables of interest were associated with the outcome in the full sample. After sex stratification, among boys, 25(OH)D concentrations at 1 and 2 years were inversely associated with ASSQ scores (mean difference −0.2 of normalized SD score (95% CI −0.3 to −0.1, p =.003) and −0.2 (95% CI −0.3 to −0.05, p =.01) per 10 ng/mL 25(OH)D) after adjustment for age, breastfeeding, parental education, maternal depressive symptoms, and season of 25(OH)D assessment as was belonging to the higher 25(OH)D trajectory, −0.45 SD (95% CI −0.79 to −0.10, p =.01). Conclusions: We found no indication that higher‐than‐normal vitamin D3 supplementation between ages 0 and 2 years decreases ASD‐related trait scores at ages 6–8 years. Sex‐stratified analysis suggested an inverse association, among boys, between early life 25(OH)D concentrations and ASD‐related traits, warranting further studies on potential causal direction and sex specificity of associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Vitamin D supplementation in the first 2 years and autism spectrum traits at 6–8 years – a randomized clinical trial.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sandboge%2C+Samuel%22">Sandboge, Samuel</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Seppälä%2C+Vilja%22">Seppälä, Vilja</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lintula%2C+Sakari%22">Lintula, Sakari</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Holmlund‐Suila%2C+Elisa%22">Holmlund‐Suila, Elisa</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hauta‐alus%2C+Helena%22">Hauta‐alus, Helena</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kajantie%2C+Eero%22">Kajantie, Eero</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mäkitie%2C+Outi%22">Mäkitie, Outi</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Andersson%2C+Sture%22">Andersson, Sture</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Räikkönen%2C+Katri%22">Räikkönen, Katri</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Heinonen%2C+Kati%22">Heinonen, Kati</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Child+Psychology+%26+Psychiatry%22">Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 67 Issue 7, p1004-1014. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Secondary+analysis%22">Secondary analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Prediction+models%22">Prediction models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cronbach's+alpha%22">Cronbach's alpha</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22T-test+%28Statistics%29%22">T-test (Statistics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis%22">Data analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Autism%22">Autism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sex+distribution%22">Sex distribution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neural+development%22">Neural development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Questionnaires%22">Questionnaires</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Blood+collection%22">Blood collection</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Oral+drug+administration%22">Oral drug administration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemiluminescence+assay%22">Chemiluminescence assay</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chi-squared+test%22">Chi-squared test</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mann+Whitney+U+Test%22">Mann Whitney U Test</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Disease+prevalence%22">Disease prevalence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Early+intervention+%28Education%29%22">Early intervention (Education)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Serum%22">Serum</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drug+efficacy%22">Drug efficacy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistics%22">Statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Asperger's+syndrome%22">Asperger's syndrome</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidence+intervals%22">Confidence intervals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Analytical+chemistry+techniques%22">Analytical chemistry techniques</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Immunoassay%22">Immunoassay</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis+software%22">Data analysis software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dietary+supplements%22">Dietary supplements</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vitamin+D%22">Vitamin D</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Regression+analysis%22">Regression analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children%22">Children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pregnancy%22">Pregnancy</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finland%22">Finland</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Background: Early life vitamin D levels may be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related traits, but causality is unknown. We examine whether higher‐than‐standard vitamin D3 supplementation during the first 2 years, as well as higher pregnancy and childhood 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and their trajectories, are associated with lower ASD trait scores at ages 6–8 years in a non‐clinical cohort. Methods: This secondary analysis of the double‐blind randomized clinical trial vitamin D intervention in infants (VIDI) comprised 366 Finnish children aged 6–8 years, 177 of whom were randomized to receive 400‐IU and 189 to receive 1,200‐IU daily oral vitamin D3 supplementation between ages 2 weeks and 2 years. ASD‐related traits were assessed at mean age 7.2 years (SD 0.4) using the parent‐reported Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ). Predictor variables were supplementation group, 25(OH)D concentrations measured during pregnancy and at ages 1 and 2 years, as well as 25(OH)D trajectories (high vs. low) derived from these time points. Results: None of the predictor variables of interest were associated with the outcome in the full sample. After sex stratification, among boys, 25(OH)D concentrations at 1 and 2 years were inversely associated with ASSQ scores (mean difference −0.2 of normalized SD score (95% CI −0.3 to −0.1, p =.003) and −0.2 (95% CI −0.3 to −0.05, p =.01) per 10 ng/mL 25(OH)D) after adjustment for age, breastfeeding, parental education, maternal depressive symptoms, and season of 25(OH)D assessment as was belonging to the higher 25(OH)D trajectory, −0.45 SD (95% CI −0.79 to −0.10, p =.01). Conclusions: We found no indication that higher‐than‐normal vitamin D3 supplementation between ages 0 and 2 years decreases ASD‐related trait scores at ages 6–8 years. Sex‐stratified analysis suggested an inverse association, among boys, between early life 25(OH)D concentrations and ASD‐related traits, warranting further studies on potential causal direction and sex specificity of associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/jcpp.70110
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Secondary analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Dietary supplements
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      – TitleFull: Vitamin D supplementation in the first 2 years and autism spectrum traits at 6–8 years – a randomized clinical trial.
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              Text: Jul2026
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