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Drug violations and aviation accidents: findings from the US mandatory drug testing programs.

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Title: Drug violations and aviation accidents: findings from the US mandatory drug testing programs.
Authors: Li, Guohua (AUTHOR), Baker, Susan P. (AUTHOR), Zhao, Qi (AUTHOR), Brady, Joanne E. (AUTHOR), Lang, Barbara H. (AUTHOR), Rebok, George W. (AUTHOR), DiMaggio, Charles (AUTHOR)
Source: Addiction. Jul2011, Vol. 106 Issue 7, p1287-1292. 6p. 2 Charts, 1 Graph.
Subjects: Accidents, Aeronautics, Confidence intervals, Drug use testing, Epidemiology, Research funding, Substance abuse, Data analysis, Government regulation, Disease prevalence, Case-control method
Abstract: To assess the role of drug violations in aviation accidents. Case-control analysis. Commercial aviation in the United States. Aviation employees who were tested for drugs during 1995-2005 under the post-accident testing program (cases, n = 4977) or under the random testing program (controls, n = 1 129 922). Point prevalence of drug violations, odds ratio of accident involvement and attributable risk in the population. A drug violation was defined as a confirmed positive test for marijuana (≥50 ng/ml), cocaine (≥300 ng/ml), amphetamines (≥1000 ng/ml), opiates (≥2000 ng/ml) or phencyclidine (≥25 ng/ml). The prevalence of drug violations was 0.64% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62-0.65%] in random drug tests and 1.82% (95% CI: 1.47-2.24%) in post-accident tests. The odds of accident involvement for employees who tested positive for drugs was almost three times the odds for those who tested negative (odds ratio 2.90, 95% CI: 2.35-3.57), with an estimated attributable risk of 1.2%. Marijuana accounted for 67.3% of the illicit drugs detected. The proportion of illicit drugs represented by amphetamines increased progressively during the study period, from 3.4% in 1995 to 10.3% in 2005 ( P < 0.0001). Use of illicit drugs by aviation employees is associated with a significantly increased risk of accident involvement. Due to the very low prevalence, drug violations contribute to only a small fraction of aviation accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Drug violations and aviation accidents: findings from the US mandatory drug testing programs.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Li%2C+Guohua%22&quot;&gt;Li, Guohua&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Baker%2C+Susan+P%2E%22&quot;&gt;Baker, Susan P.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Zhao%2C+Qi%22&quot;&gt;Zhao, Qi&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Brady%2C+Joanne+E%2E%22&quot;&gt;Brady, Joanne E.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Lang%2C+Barbara+H%2E%22&quot;&gt;Lang, Barbara H.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Rebok%2C+George+W%2E%22&quot;&gt;Rebok, George W.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22DiMaggio%2C+Charles%22&quot;&gt;DiMaggio, Charles&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Addiction%22&quot;&gt;Addiction&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Jul2011, Vol. 106 Issue 7, p1287-1292. 6p. 2 Charts, 1 Graph.
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  Data: To assess the role of drug violations in aviation accidents. Case-control analysis. Commercial aviation in the United States. Aviation employees who were tested for drugs during 1995-2005 under the post-accident testing program (cases, n = 4977) or under the random testing program (controls, n = 1 129 922). Point prevalence of drug violations, odds ratio of accident involvement and attributable risk in the population. A drug violation was defined as a confirmed positive test for marijuana (≥50 ng/ml), cocaine (≥300 ng/ml), amphetamines (≥1000 ng/ml), opiates (≥2000 ng/ml) or phencyclidine (≥25 ng/ml). The prevalence of drug violations was 0.64% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62-0.65%] in random drug tests and 1.82% (95% CI: 1.47-2.24%) in post-accident tests. The odds of accident involvement for employees who tested positive for drugs was almost three times the odds for those who tested negative (odds ratio 2.90, 95% CI: 2.35-3.57), with an estimated attributable risk of 1.2%. Marijuana accounted for 67.3% of the illicit drugs detected. The proportion of illicit drugs represented by amphetamines increased progressively during the study period, from 3.4% in 1995 to 10.3% in 2005 ( P &lt; 0.0001). Use of illicit drugs by aviation employees is associated with a significantly increased risk of accident involvement. Due to the very low prevalence, drug violations contribute to only a small fraction of aviation accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03388.x
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 6
        StartPage: 1287
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Accidents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aeronautics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Drug use testing
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      – SubjectFull: Epidemiology
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      – SubjectFull: Research funding
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      – SubjectFull: Substance abuse
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      – SubjectFull: Government regulation
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      – SubjectFull: Disease prevalence
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      – SubjectFull: Case-control method
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      – TitleFull: Drug violations and aviation accidents: findings from the US mandatory drug testing programs.
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              Text: Jul2011
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              Y: 2011
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